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Address for correspondence: Jung-Jyh Hung, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei 112, Taiwan
Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, TaiwanInstitute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, TaiwanDepartment of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan
Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, TaiwanInstitute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
Recurrence after surgical resection is the most common cause of treatment failure in patients with non–small-cell lung cancer. The aim of the study is to investigate the prognostic factors of postrecurrence survival (PRS) in patients of resected lung adenocarcinoma.
Methods
The clinicopathological characteristics of 179 patients with recurrence after complete resection of lung adenocarcinoma at Taipei Veterans General Hospital between 2004 and 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. The prognostic and predictive effects of these clinicopathological variables in PRS were analyzed.
Results
The pattern of recurrence included local only in 25 (15.4%), distant only in 56 (34.6%), and both local and distant in 81 (50.0%) of patients. The 2-year and 5-year PRS were 65.2% and 29.8%, respectively. The most common organ sites of metastasis were the contralateral lung (39.1%), followed by the brain (33.5%) and the bone (31.3%). Multivariate analysis revealed that micropapillary/solid predominant pattern group (versus acinar/papillary; hazard ratio = 2.615; 95% confidence interval: 1.395–4.901; p = 0.003) and no treatment for recurrence (p < 0.001) were significant prognostic factors of worse PRS. For patients receiving treatment for recurrence, micropapillary/solid predominant pattern group (versus acinar/papillary; hazard ratio = 2.570; 95% confidence interval: 1.357–4.865; p = 0.004) was a significant predictive factor of worse PRS. Treatment for recurrence with surgery (p = 0.067) tended to be a significant predictive factor of better PRS.
Conclusions
In lung adenocarcinoma, micropapillary/solid predominant pattern group (versus acinar/papillary) was a significant poor prognostic factor for PRS.
Lung cancer is the main cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice for early-stage non—small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Even with multimodality treatments, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or a combination of other therapeutic modalities, most patients with recurrence after resection have little possibility of cure.
However, most published reports investigated the predictors of PRS in resected NSCLC, without separating lung adenocarcinoma from squamous cell carcinoma. Adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are the most common histological types of NSCLC.
FDA drug approval summary: bevacizumab (Avastin) plus Carboplatin and Paclitaxel as first-line treatment of advanced/metastatic recurrent nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer.
Therefore, demonstration of the prognostic and predictive factors separately in squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma is necessary. The predictors of PRS in resected lung adenocarcinoma have not been well demonstrated in the literature.
In 2011, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, the American Thoracic Society, and the European Respiratory Society proposed a new classification system of lung adenocarcinoma.
International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society international multidisciplinary classification of lung adenocarcinoma.
They recommended the use of comprehensive histological subtyping to assess histologic patterns semiquantitatively in 5% increments to choose a single predominant pattern (lepidic, acinar, papillary, micropapillary, or solid) for invasive adenocarcinomas.
International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society international multidisciplinary classification of lung adenocarcinoma.
Does lung adenocarcinoma subtype predict patient survival?: A clinicopathologic study based on the new International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society international multidisciplinary lung adenocarcinoma classification.
Impact of proposed IASLC/ATS/ERS classification of lung adenocarcinoma: prognostic subgroups and implications for further revision of staging based on analysis of 514 stage I cases.
The novel histologic International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society classification system of lung adenocarcinoma is a stage-independent predictor of survival.
we have demonstrated the patterns of recurrence and prognostic factors of PRS in resected stage I NSCLC after local recurrence or distant metastasis. We have also shown that patients with micropapillary/solid predominant patterns of lung adenocarcinoma had significantly worse prognosis.
Prognostic value of the new International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society lung adenocarcinoma classification on death and recurrence in completely resected stage I lung adenocarcinoma.
Predictive value of the international association for the study of lung cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society classification of lung adenocarcinoma in tumor recurrence and patient survival.
In this article, we focus on the prognostic factors of PRS in patients of resected lung adenocarcinoma with recurrence.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
From January 2004 to December 2010, all patients underwent complete resection for lung adenocarcinomas at Taipei Veterans General Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy or with stage IV disease were excluded. A total of 590 patients were eligible for the study. The preoperative staging workup was routinely performed as previously described.
Prognostic value of the new International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society lung adenocarcinoma classification on death and recurrence in completely resected stage I lung adenocarcinoma.
Predictive value of the international association for the study of lung cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society classification of lung adenocarcinoma in tumor recurrence and patient survival.
Mediastinoscopy was performed only when enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes (diameter > 1.0 cm) were shown by computed tomography scan. Positron emission tomography scan was available as a staging modality in 177 (30.0%) of the 590 patients. Complete resection of lung cancer and mediastinal lymph nodes dissection/sampling were performed as previously described.
Prognostic value of the new International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society lung adenocarcinoma classification on death and recurrence in completely resected stage I lung adenocarcinoma.
Predictive value of the international association for the study of lung cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society classification of lung adenocarcinoma in tumor recurrence and patient survival.
One hundred and eighty-six (31.5%) of the 590 patients developed recurrence after surgical resection. Seven (3.8%) of the 186 patients were diagnosed as lepidic predominant adenocarcinoma. The number of patients with lepidic predominant adenocarcinoma was small when compared with the other four subtypes of adenocarcinoma. Because of small number and lack of complete follow-up in five of the seven patients with lepidic predominant adenocarcinoma, the seven patients with lepidic predominant adenocarcinoma were excluded for analysis. Of the two patients with known pattern of recurrence, one (lepidic, 60%; acinar, 10%; papillary, 20%; solid, 10%) developed ipsilateral lung metastasis during follow-up. The other patient (lepidic, 40%; acinar, 30%; colloid, 30%) developed bilateral lung-to-lung metastasis during follow-up. The remained 179 patients were included for analysis in this study. Determination of disease stages were based on the tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) classification (7th edition) of the American Joint Committee on Cancer and the International Union Against Cancer.
Predictive value of the international association for the study of lung cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society classification of lung adenocarcinoma in tumor recurrence and patient survival.
Each tumor was reviewed using comprehensive histological subtyping, recording the percentage of each histologic component (lepidic, acinar, papillary, micropapillary, and solid) in 5% increments as previous described.
Predictive value of the international association for the study of lung cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society classification of lung adenocarcinoma in tumor recurrence and patient survival.
For tumors with diameter of 3 cm or smaller, the entire tumors were submitted for microscopic assessment. For tumors with diameter greater than 3 cm, at least 1 section was taken in every additional 1-cm breadth of the greatest tumor dimension for microscopic assessment. The predominant pattern is defined according to the most dominant pattern.
All patients were followed-up at our outpatient department quarterly in the first 2 years after resection and semiannually thereafter. The modalities and protocols during follow-up were used as previously described.
Prognostic value of the new International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society lung adenocarcinoma classification on death and recurrence in completely resected stage I lung adenocarcinoma.
Predictive value of the international association for the study of lung cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society classification of lung adenocarcinoma in tumor recurrence and patient survival.
Computed tomography scans of chest and upper abdomen were routinely done in every scheduled outpatient department visit for follow-up. Nuclear medicine survey of the bone was arranged every 6 months in the first 2 years after resection and annually thereafter during follow-up. Suspicious bony lesions were confirmed by radiography or bone biopsy. Computed tomographic scan of brain was done when neurological symptoms occurred or when clinical suspicions were raised. Once a metastasis was discovered, a routine investigation was arranged to look for other metastatic sites. After initial diagnosis of recurrence, further examinations were arranged to discover other metastatic sites if symptoms occurred or clinical suspicions were raised. The hospital charts of all patients were reviewed to collect data of patterns of recurrence, organ sites of recurrence, and treatment for recurrence. Data collected from telephone call and correspondence letters during follow-up were also included.
To investigate their impact on PRS, clinicopathologic factors were examined in univariate and multivariate analyses. Local recurrence was defined as tumor recurrence in contiguous anatomical sites, including the ipsilateral hemithorax and mediastinum after surgical resection. Distant metastasis was defined as tumor recurrence in the contralateral lung or outside the hemithorax and mediastinum after surgical resection. Local-only recurrence was defined as only local recurrence identified from initial operation to death or last follow-up. Distant-only metastasis was defined as only distant metastasis discovered from initial operation to death or last follow-up. Secondary primary lung cancer was differentiated from recurrent NSCLC in patients undergoing surgical resection or biopsy according to the criteria proposed by Girard et al.
For those not undergoing resection or biopsy, judgment was made according to clinical course, eg, progression or aggressive clinical behavior (multiple lesions). The length of PRS was defined as the interval in months from the date of initial recurrence identified to death or the date of the last follow-up.
The PRS was calculated by the Kaplan–Meier method.
The log-rank test was used to make group comparisons. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed by means of the Cox proportional hazards model using SPSS software (version 20; IBM, Armonk, NY). All variables with p value less than 0.1 in univariate analysis were entered into multivariate analysis. Age at recurrence, sex, adjuvant therapy, and pattern of recurrence were also entered for mutual adjustment despite p value greater than 0.1. Statistical significance was defined as p value less than 0.05.
RESULTS
The median follow-up time for these 179 patients was 47.3 months (range, 3.2–110.0 months). The median time to recurrence was 18.0 months (range, 0.7–93.4 months). The 2-year and 5-year PRS were 65.2% and 29.8%, respectively (Fig. 1). On the last follow-up session, 90 (50.3%) patients were alive, 88 (49.3%) patients died, and 1 (0.6%) patient was with unknown survival status. The characteristics of the 179 patients are listed in Table 1. Treatments for recurrence included surgery alone in two patients, surgery with any of chemotherapy (C/T), radiotherapy (R/T), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy in 24, C/T alone in 28, R/T alone in 11, EGFR TKI therapy alone in 8, and a combination of C/T or R/T or EGFR TKI in 86 patients. Five (2.8%) patients had no treatment after recurrence (four patients were because of poor performance status and one refused treatment).
FIGURE 1Cumulative probability of postrecurrence survival in 179 patients of resected lung adenocarcinoma with recurrence.
The pattern of recurrence and frequency of organ sites of distant metastases are listed in Table 2. The pattern of recurrence included local only in 25 (15.4%), distant only in 56 (34.6%), and both local and distant in 81 (50.0%) of patients. Among these patients, 30 (16.8%) presented with pleural seeding/effusion, 70 (39.1%) presented with contralateral lung, 60 (33.5%) presented with brain, 56 (31.3%) presented with bone, 14 (7.8%) presented with liver, and 7 patient (3.9%) presented with adrenal gland metastases. Of the whole cohort of 590 patients, several patients with ipsilateral or contralateral lung tumors underwent resection and were diagnosed as secondary primary lung cancer according to the criteria proposed by Girard et al.
These patients were not included in this study because they were not considered to have recurrent or metastasis disease. For patients with ipsilateral or contralateral lung nodules not undergoing resection, the decision of secondary primary lung cancer or metastasis was sometimes difficult. In our study, the majority of the patients presented with ipsilateral or contralateral lung metastasis were judged by clinical course. Most of them presented with multiple ipsilateral, contralateral or bilateral pulmonary nodules, or demonstrated with aggressive clinical behavior.
TABLE 2The Pattern of Recurrence and the Frequency of Organ Sites of Distant Metastases in 179 Patients of Resected Lung Adenocarcinoma with Recurrence
Univariate analysis indicated that N2 (versus N0 or N1; p = 0.006), TNM stage III (versus stage I or II; p = 0.020), micropapillary/solid predominant pattern group (versus acinar/papillary; p = 0.009), bone metastasis (p = 0.036), liver metastasis (p = 0.033), and no treatment for recurrence (versus with surgery, p < 0.001; versus C/T and/or R/T and/or EGFR TKI therapy, p < 0.001) were significant prognostic factors of worse PRS (Table 3) (see Supplementary Table 1, Supplemental Digital Content, http://links.lww.com/JTO/A852, for complete results of the univariate analysis). Larger tumor size (p = 0.066) and disease-free interval less than or equal to 18 months (versus >18 months; p = 0.056) tended to be significant prognostic factors of worse PRS.
TABLE 3Univariate and Multivariate Analyses for Postrecurrence Survival in 179 Patients with Resected Lung Adenocarcinoma
Predominant pattern group and treatment for recurrence were still significant prognostic indicators in multivariate analysis (Table 3). Patients with micropapillary/solid predominant pattern (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.615; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.395–4.901; p = 0.003) had significantly worse PRS than those with acinar/papillary predominant pattern. Patients received treatment for recurrence with surgery (HR = 0.053; 95% CI: 0.014–0.199; p < 0.001) or with C/T and/or R/T and/or EGFR TKI therapy (HR = 0.122; 95% CI: 0.040–0.368; p < 0 .001) had significantly better PRS than those received no treatment for recurrence. Patients received adjuvant C/T (HR = 0.441; 95% CI: 0.210–0.926; p = 0.030) after initial resection had significantly better PRS than those without adjuvant therapy.
PRS Analysis in Patients Undergoing Treatment for Recurrence
Although no treatment for recurrence was a significant prognostic factor of worse PRS, only five patients had no treatment in our study. Furthermore, whether undergoing treatment for recurrence or not was unknown in 15 of the 179 patients. To identify prognostic and predictive factors in a more realistic clinical scenario, we excluded the 20 patients. The remained 159 patients undergoing treatment for recurrence in the second cohort were included for further analysis of predictive factors for PRS. There was no significant association between pattern of recurrence and treatment for recurrence with surgery (p = 0.538; see Supplementary Table 2, Supplemental Digital Content, http://links.lww.com/JTO/A852). Univariate analysis indicated that N2 (versus N0 or N1) (p = 0.004), TNM stage III (versus stage I or II; p = 0.012), micropapillary/solid predominant pattern group (versus acinar/papillary; p = 0.008; Fig. 2), bone metastasis (p = 0.048), and liver metastasis (p = 0.034) were significant prognostic factors of worse PRS (Table 4; see Supplementary Table 3, Supplemental Digital Content, http://links.lww.com/JTO/A852, for complete results of the univariate analysis). EGFR mutation status was only available in 43 (27.0%) of the 159 patients undergoing treatment for recurrence. EGFR activated mutation and wild type were identified in 35 and 8 patients, respectively. In univariate analysis, EGFR activated mutation was not a prognostic factor for PRS (p = 0.732). Treatment for recurrence with EGFR TKI therapy (p = 0.044) was a significant prognostic factor of better PRS (Table 4). Greater tumor size (p = 0.062), disease-free interval less than or equal to 18 months (versus >18 months; p = 0.060), and treatment for recurrence with surgery (p = 0.066) tended to be significant prognostic factors of PRS. Pattern of recurrence (p = 0.420), treatment for recurrence with C/T (p = 0.185) or R/T (p = 0.208) was not significant prognostic factor of PRS.
FIGURE 2Cumulative probability of postrecurrence survival in patients of resected lung adenocarcinoma undergoing treatment for recurrence stratified by acinar/papillary and micropapillary/solid predominant pattern group (log-rank test).
In multivariate analysis, we also added adjuvant therapy and pattern of recurrence for mutual adjustment. Only micropapillary/solid predominant pattern group (versus acinar/papillary; HR = 2.570; 95% CI: 1.357–4.865; p = 0.004) was a significant predictive indicator in multivariate analysis (Table 4). Patients received treatment for recurrence with surgery (HR = 0.449; 95% CI: 0.191–1.057; p = 0.067) still tended to have significant better PRS than those treated without surgery after adjustment with adjuvant therapy and pattern of recurrence. Patients received adjuvant C/T (HR = 0.486; 95% CI: 0.228–1.039; p = 0.063) after initial resection tended to have significantly better PRS than those without adjuvant therapy. Pattern of recurrence was not a significant factor for PRS (p = 0.263).
We further demonstrated the association between histological subtypes and number of local-only recurrence/organ site of recurrence. Nine (11.1%) of 81 patients with acinar/papillary predominant pattern developed local-only recurrence, whereas 14 (17.9%) of 78 patients with micropapillary/solid predominant pattern developed local-only recurrence. There was no significant difference in percentages of local-only recurrences between acinar/papillary and micropapillary/solid subtypes (p = 0.907). For patients with acinar/papillary predominant pattern, 42 (51.9%) of 81 patients had recurrence at only one organ site. For patients with micropapillary/solid predominant pattern, 40 (51.3%) of 78 patients had recurrence at only one organ site. There was no significant difference in number of organ sites between acinar/papillary and micropapillary/solid subtypes (p = 0.732).
DISCUSSION
This study has investigated the organ sites of recurrence and the prognostic and predictive factors of PRS in patients with resected lung adenocarcinoma after recurrence. Micropapillary/solid predominant pattern group and treatment for recurrence were significant prognostic factors of PRS in multivariate analysis. For patients undergoing treatment for recurrence, micropapillary/solid predominant pattern group was a significant predictive factor of worse PRS in multivariate analysis.
reported that 2-year PRS for resected stage I NSCLC patients was 51.4%. In our previous study, the 2-year PRS in patients with resected stage I NSCLC was 10.6%, 25.4%, and 43.2%, during 1980 to 1990, 1991 to 2000, and 2001 to 2006, respectively.
In this study, the 2-year and 5-year PRS for patients of resected stages I to III lung adenocarcinoma during 2006 to 2010 were 65.2% and 29.8%, respectively. The PRS in resected lung cancer further significantly improved in recent years.
The lung, brain, and bone are the most common organ sites of metastasis in resected NSCLC.
bone was the most common site of single organ metastasis in patients with resected stage I NSCLC, followed by the brain. In this study of resected stages I to III lung adenocarcinoma, contralateral lung was the most common site of metastasis, followed by the brain and the bone. Although bone and liver metastasis were significant factors for worse PRS in univariate analysis, they showed no prognostic and predictive significance in multivariate analysis.
Disease-free interval has been reported to be a prognostic factor of PRS in resected NSCLC.
reported that disease-free interval less than or equal to 12 months was a significant predictor of worse PRS in resected stage I NSCLC. Our previous study showed that disease-free interval less than or equal to 16 months was a statistically significant predictor for PRS in patients with stage I NSCLC after distant metastasis.
treatment for local recurrence or distant metastasis significantly improved PRS in resected stage I NSCLC after recurrence. Complete surgical resection may improve PRS in selected candidates with resectable local recurrent disease.
reported that patients who underwent metastasectomy for recurrence in distant organs had significantly longer survival. In this study, treatment for recurrence was a significant prognostic factor for better PRS in patients of resected lung adenocarcinoma after recurrence. We further showed that patients treated for recurrence with surgery tended to have significantly better PRS. Because of small number of patients undergoing surgery after recurrence in our study, prospective multi-institutional studies and randomized clinical trials are mandatory to validate the therapeutic benefits of surgery for PRS.
The new classification of lung adenocarcinoma proposed by International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/the American Thoracic Society/the European Respiratory Society in 2011 was a significant prognostic factor for survival and recurrence in lung adenocarcinoma.
Does lung adenocarcinoma subtype predict patient survival?: A clinicopathologic study based on the new International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society international multidisciplinary lung adenocarcinoma classification.
Impact of proposed IASLC/ATS/ERS classification of lung adenocarcinoma: prognostic subgroups and implications for further revision of staging based on analysis of 514 stage I cases.
The novel histologic International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society classification system of lung adenocarcinoma is a stage-independent predictor of survival.
Prognostic value of the new International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society lung adenocarcinoma classification on death and recurrence in completely resected stage I lung adenocarcinoma.
micropapillary/solid predominant pattern was a significant predictor of recurrence in resected stage I lung adenocarcinoma. In the study by Warth et al.,
The novel histologic International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society classification system of lung adenocarcinoma is a stage-independent predictor of survival.
solid-predominant tumors had an improved prognosis with adjuvant R/T. We have shown that solid predominant pattern was a significant poor prognostic factor for overall survival in patients undergoing adjuvant C/T after resection.
Predictive value of the international association for the study of lung cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society classification of lung adenocarcinoma in tumor recurrence and patient survival.
For most patients with advanced lung cancer, only biopsy specimens were available for diagnosis. The predominant type of the whole tumor was difficult to be determined only according to biopsy specimens. That is why the predictive value of the new classification in patients undergoing treatment (C/T, R/T or EGFR TKI therapy) for advanced lung cancer was difficult to be determined. In this article, we investigated the prognostic factors of survival after recurrence of patients with resected adenocarcinoma. In this case, the predominant type of the original tumor could be well determined after examination of the surgical specimens by pathologists. For patients undergoing treatment for recurrence, micropapillary/solid predominant pattern was a significant predictor of worse PRS. Our report was the first to demonstrate the predictive value of the new classification of lung adenocarcinoma in PRS of resected lung adenocarcinoma after recurrence (or advanced lung adenocarcinoma).
In our previous studies analyzing prognostic factors of PRS in resected stage I NSCLC,
only disease-free interval and treatment for recurrence influenced PRS. Most variables related to tumor biology were not significant predictors for PRS in our previous studies. We supposed that PRS in patients with resected lung cancer might be affected by the individual patient's tumor biology, which has not been well understood. In this article, we found that micropapillary/solid predominant pattern was a significant worse prognostic factor for PRS. The relationship between biological effects of the new classification and patient survival needs further examination.
There are some limitations and biases of this study that should be mentioned. As a retrospective single institute study, patient selection bias and time trend bias regarding the treatment for recurrence were inevitable. Because the majority of patients diagnosed with contralateral lung metastasis were judged by clinical course in this study, there were also biases in defining a new primary lung cancer from a recurrent NSCLC. Furthermore, the therapeutic effects for PRS by C/T or R/T or EGFR TKI therapy after recurrence might have been influenced by the presence of EGFR mutations. The lack of complete data of EGFR mutation status is another limitation of this study.
In conclusion, micropapillary/solid predominant pattern group (versus acinar/papillary) is a significant prognostic factor for worse PRS. Treatment for recurrence with surgery tends to improve PRS. Although further validation is needed, this information is important for further design of clinical randomized trials for aggressive therapy after recurrence.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful to Drs. Han-Shui Hsu, Chih-Cheng Hsieh, Chien-Sheng Huang of Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, and Dr. Liang-Shun Wang of Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan for contribution to this article. They also thank Dr. Yin-Shiun Kao and Mr. Jung-Hsing Lin for their assistance on data collection.
FDA drug approval summary: bevacizumab (Avastin) plus Carboplatin and Paclitaxel as first-line treatment of advanced/metastatic recurrent nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer.
International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society international multidisciplinary classification of lung adenocarcinoma.
Does lung adenocarcinoma subtype predict patient survival?: A clinicopathologic study based on the new International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society international multidisciplinary lung adenocarcinoma classification.
Impact of proposed IASLC/ATS/ERS classification of lung adenocarcinoma: prognostic subgroups and implications for further revision of staging based on analysis of 514 stage I cases.
The novel histologic International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society classification system of lung adenocarcinoma is a stage-independent predictor of survival.
Prognostic value of the new International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society lung adenocarcinoma classification on death and recurrence in completely resected stage I lung adenocarcinoma.
Predictive value of the international association for the study of lung cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society classification of lung adenocarcinoma in tumor recurrence and patient survival.
Disclosure: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This work was supported in part by Veterans General Hospitals and University System of Taiwan Joint Research Program (VGHUST103-G7–3-1 and VGHUST103-G7–3-2; J-.J.H.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital (V103C-176 and V104C-173; J-.J.H.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital (V103E8–003 and V104E8–002; J-.J.H. and Y-.C.W), Taipei Veterans General Hospital-National Yang-Ming University-Excellent Physician Scientists Cultivation Program (103-V-B-011; J-.J.H.), New Century Health Care Promotion Foundation (J-.J.H.), Yen Tjing Ling Medical Foundation (CI-103–12 and CI-104–8; J-.J.H. and Y-.C.W.), KS Lu Lung Cancer Foundation (J-.J.H. and W-.H.H.), Li-Yang Sheen Medical Education Memorial Foundation (J-.J.H. and W-.H.H.), National Science Council (NSC 100–2314-B-075–004-MY2; Y-.C.W.), Center of Excellence for Cancer Research at Taipei Veterans General Hospital (DOH100-TD-C-111–007; Y-.C.W.), and MOHW104-TD-B-111–02 (T-.YC.).
Jung-Jyh Hung, Yu-Chung Wu, Teh-Ying Chou, and Wen-Hu Hsu contributed equally to this article.
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