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The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: A Proposal for a New International Lymph Node Map in the Forthcoming Seventh Edition of the TNM Classification for Lung Cancer
Address for correspondence: Valerie W. Rusch, MD, Thoracic Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, C-868, New York City, NY 10065
The accurate assessment of lymph node involvement is an important part of the management of lung cancer. Lymph node “maps” have been used to describe the location of nodal metastases. However, discrepancies in nomenclature among maps used by Asian and Western countries hinder analyses of lung cancer treatment outcome. To achieve uniformity and to promote future analyses of a planned prospective international database, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer proposes a new lymph node map which reconciles differences among currently used maps, and provides precise anatomic definitions for all lymph node stations. A method of grouping lymph node stations together into “zones” is also proposed for the purposes of future survival analyses.
The accurate assessment of lymph node involvement is recognized as a pivotal component of the staging and treatment of lung cancers. For approximately the past 40 years, lymph node “maps” have been used to describe the clinical and pathologic extent of lymph node metastases in lung cancer patients by labeling regions of intrathoracic nodes using a system of anatomic descriptors and numerical “levels.” Precise, universally accepted nomenclature to describe lymph node involvement is key to assessing treatment outcomes, comparing results across institutions, designing and analyzing clinical trials, and selecting therapy for individual patients. The first lymph node map, developed by Naruke
during the 1960s, was initially widely used in North America, Europe, and Japan (Figure 1). However, subsequent attempts to refine the anatomic descriptors of the Naruke map led to the development of maps by the American Thoracic Society (ATS)
The MD-ATS map (Figure 2) attempted to unify in a single system the features of the Naruke lymph node classification and the schema developed by the ATS and was reportedly adopted by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and the Prognostic Factors TNM Committee of the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) at the 1996 annual meetings of these organizations.
Subsequently, the MD-ATS map was fully accepted across North America but was only sporadically used in Europe. Indeed, further revisions to the MD-ATS map were suggested by European surgeons.
Following well-established national practice patterns, Japanese surgeons and oncologists continued to use the Naruke map as advocated by the Japan Lung Cancer Society.
In 1998, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) established its Lung Cancer Staging Project which led to the development of an international lung cancer database. Analyses of that database enabled the IASLC International Staging Committee to propose revisions of the TNM staging system for lung cancer which will be included in the 7th editions of the UICC and AJCC staging manuals to be published in 2009.
The IASLC lung cancer staging project: proposals for the revision of the TNM stage groupings in the forthcoming (seventh) edition of the TNM classification of malignant tumours.
Analyses of the N descriptors in the IASLC international database highlighted discrepancies in nomenclature between the Japanese (Naruke) and the MD-ATS lymph node maps. Important differences in the descriptors for mediastinal lymph nodes included level 1 lymph nodes in the Naruke map corresponding to levels 1 and 2 in the MD-ATS map, while levels 2, 3, 4R, and 4L in the Japanese system corresponded to levels 4R and 4L in the MD-ATS map. Perhaps the most significant discrepancy was that level 7 subcarinal lymph nodes in the MD-ATS map corresponded to levels 7 and 10 in the Naruke map. As a result, some tumors staged as N2, stage IIIA according to the MD-ATS map, were staged as N1, stage II by the Naruke map. Within the context of a retrospective study, this difference in nomenclature introduced an irreconcilable discrepancy in data analysis.
The IASLC lung cancer staging project: proposals for the revision of the N descriptors in the forthcoming seventh edition of the TNM classification for lung cancer.
As a consequence of the difficulties encountered in analyses of N descriptors, members of the IASLC staging committee were charged to develop a revised lymph node map that would reconcile differences between the Japanese and MD-ATS maps and provide more specific anatomic definitions for each of the lymph node stations. This effort was considered critical to the prospective international lung cancer data collection planned by the IASLC starting in 2009 which will inform revisions for the 8th editions of the UICC and AJCC staging manuals 7 years hence. We now describe the IASLC lymph node map which we anticipate will supersede all previous maps for the purposes of precision and international uniformity in nomenclature.
METHODS
Two of the authors (V.R., H.A.) were assigned by the IASLC Staging Committee to lead the effort in developing a revised lymph node map that would reconcile the differences between the Naruke and the MD-ATS maps and refine the definitions of the anatomic boundaries of each of the lymph node stations.
Areas of discrepancy for the descriptors of each lymph node station were identified and new, clarifying definitions for the anatomic borders established (Table 1). A collaborating thoracic radiologist (H.W.) reviewed the definitions to insure that they could be applied to clinical staging by computed tomography (CT), and generated the CT scan illustrations that corresponded to the IASLC lymph node map definitions. The recommendations for the definitions of the lymph node stations and for the illustration of the proposed IASLC map were reviewed by the entire IASLC staging committee, an international multidisciplinary group including thoracic surgeons, medical and radiation oncologists, pulmonologists, epidemiologists, radiologists, pathologists, and data managers. In addition, one of the authors (H.A.) presented the proposed lymph node map and anatomic definitions at thoracic meetings in Japan for comments and approval.
TABLE 1Comparison of the Naruke, MD-ATS and IASLC Lymph Node Maps with Respect to the Anatomical Definitions for Each Lymph Node Station
Japan Lung Cancer Society Map
MD-ATS Map
IASLC Map
#1 Low Cervical, Supraclavicular, and Sternal Notch Nodes
Located in the area of the upper 1/3 of the intrathoracic trachea.
Boundary level from the upper margin of the subclavian artery or the apex to the crossing point of the upper margin of the left brachiocephalic vein and the midline of the trachea
Nodes lying above a horizontal line at the upper rim of the brachiocephalic (left innominate) vein where it ascends to the left, crossing in front of the trachea at its midline
Upper border: lower margin of cricoid cartilage Lower border: clavicles bilaterally and, in the midline, the upper border of the manubrium, 1R designates right-sided nodes, 1L, left-sided nodes in this region
For lymph node station 1, the midline of the trachea serves as the border between 1R and 1L
#2 Paratracheal Lymph Nodes
#2 Upper Paratracheal Nodes
Located in the area between the superior mediastinal lymph nodes (#1) and the tracheobronchial lymph nodes (#4). Paratracheal lymph nodes with primary tumor can be defined as ipsilateral lymph nodes; paratracheal lymph nodes without primary tumor can be defined as contralateral lymph nodes
Nodes lying above a horizontal line drawn tangential to the upper margin of the aortic arch and below the inferior boundary of No. 1 nodes
2R: Upper border: apex of the right lung and pleural space, and in the midline, the upper border of the manubrium Lower border: intersection of caudal margin of innominate vein with the trachea
As for lymph node station 4R, 2R includes nodes extending to the left lateral border of the trachea
2L: Upper border: apex of the left lung and pleural space, and in the midline, the upper border of the manubrium Lower border: superior border of the aortic arch
#3 Pretracheal Lymph Nodes
#3 Prevascular and Retrotracheal Nodes
Located in the area anterior to the trachea and inferior to the superior mediastinal lymph nodes (#1). On the right side, the boundary is limited to the posterior wall of the superior vena cava. On the left side, the boundary is limited to the posterior wall of the brachiocephalic vein #3a Anterior mediastinal lymph nodes
On the right side, located in the area anterior to the superior vena cava. On the left side, the boundary is limited to the line connecting the left bracheocephalic vein and the ascending aorta #3p Retrotracheal mediastinal lymph nodes/Posterior mediastinal lymph nodes
Located in the retrotracheal or posterior area of the trachea
Prevascular and retrotracheal nodes may be designated 3A and 3P; midline nodes are considered to be ipsilateral
3a: Prevascular On the right
Upper border: apex of chest Lower border: level of carina Anterior border: posterior aspect of sternum Posterior border: anterior border of superior vena cava On the left:
Upper border: apex of chest
Lower border: level of carina
Anterior border: posterior aspect of sternum
Posterior border: left carotid artery
3p: Retrotracheal
Upper border: apex of chest
Lower border: carina
#4 Tracheobronchial Lymph Nodes
#4 Lower Paratracheal Nodes
Located in the area superior to the carina. On the right side, located medial to the azygos vein. On the left side, located in the area surrounded by the medial wall of the aortic arch
The lower paratracheal nodes on the right lie to the right of the midline of the trachea between a horizontal line drawn tangential to the upper margin of the aortic arch and a line extending across the right main bronchus at the upper margin of the upper lobe bronchus, and contained within the mediastinal pleural envelope; the lower paratracheal nodes on the left lie to the left of the midline of the trachea between a horizontal line drawn tangential to the upper margin of the aortic arch and a line extending across the left main bronchus at the level of the upper margin of the left upper lobe bronchus, medial to the ligamentum arteriosum and contained within the mediastinal pleural envelope. Researchers may wish to designate the lower paratracheal nodes as No. 4s (superior) and No. 4i (inferior) subsets for study purposes; the No. 4s nodes may be defined by a horizontal line extending across the trachea and drawn tangential to the cephalic border of the azygos vein; the No. 4i nodes may be defined by the lower boundary of No. 4s and the lower boundary of no.4, as described above
4R: includes right paratracheal nodes, and pretracheal nodes extending to the left lateral border of trachea Upper border: intersection of caudal margin of innominate vein with the trachea
Lower border: lower border of azygos vein
4L: includes nodes to the left of the left lateral border of the trachea, medial to the ligamentum arteriosum Upper border: upper margin of the aortic arch Lower border: upper rim of the left main pulmonary artery
#5 Subaortic Lymph Nodes/Botallo's Lymph Nodes
#5 Subaortic (Aortopulmonary Window)
Located in the area adjacent to the ligamentum arteriosum (Botallo's ligament). The boundary extends from the aortic arch to the left main pulmonary artery
Subaortic nodes are lateral to the ligamentum arteriosum or the aorta or left pulmonary artery and proximal to the first branch of the left pulmonary artery and lie within the mediastinal pleural envelope
Subaortic lymph nodes lateral to the ligamentum arteriosum Upper border: the lower border of the aortic arch Lower border: upper rim of the left main pulmonary artery
#6 Paraaortic Nodes (Ascending Aorta or Phrenic)
Located along the ascending aorta, and in the area of the lateral wall of the aortic arch. Posterior boundary limited to the site of the vagal nerve
Nodes lying anterior and lateral to the ascending aorta and the aortic arch or the innominate artery, beneath a line tangential the upper margin of the aortic arch
Lymph nodes anterior and lateral to the ascending aorta and aortic arch
Upper border: a line tangential to the upper border of the aortic arch Lower border: the lower border of the aortic arch
#7 Subcarinal Nodes
Located in the area below the carina, where the trachea bifurcates to the two main bronchi
Nodes lying caudal to the carina of the trachea, but not associated with the lower lobe bronchi or arteries within the lung
Upper border: the carina of the trachea
Lower border: the upper border of the lower lobe bronchus on the left; the lower border of the bronchus intermedius on the right
#8 Paraesophageal Nodes (Below Carina)
Located below the subcarinal lymph nodes, and along the esophagus
Nodes lying adjacent to the wall of the esophagus and to the right or left of the midline, excluding subcarinal nodes
Nodes lying adjacent to the wall of the esophagus and to the right or left of the midline, excluding subcarinal nodes Upper border: the upper border of the lower lobe bronchus on the left; the lower border of the bronchus intermedius on the right Lower border: the diaphragm
#9 Pulmonary Ligament Nodes
Located in the area of the posterior and the lower edge of the inferior pulmonary vein
Nodes lying within the pulmonary ligament, including those in the posterior wall, and lower part of the inferior pulmonary vein
Nodes lying within the pulmonary ligament Upper border: the inferior pulmonary vein Lower border: the diaphragm
#10 Hilar Nodes
Located around the right and left main bronchi
The proximal lobar nodes, distal to the mediastinal pleural reflection and the nodes adjacent to the bronchus intermedius on the right; radiographically, the hilar shadow may be created by enlargement of both hilar and interlobar nodes
Includes nodes immediately adjacent to the mainstem bronchus and hilar vessels including the proximal portions of the pulmonary veins and main pulmonary artery
Upper border: the lower rim of the azygos vein on the right; upper rim of the pulmonary artery on the left Lower border: interlobar region bilaterally
#11 Interlobar Nodes
Located between the lobar bronchi. On the right side, subclassified into 2 groups:
#11s: Superior interlobar nodes: located at the bifurcation of the upper and middle lobar bronchi
#11i: Inferior interlobar nodes: located at the bifurcation of the middle and lower lobar bronchi
The proposed IASLC lymph node map and the anatomic definitions for each of the lymph node stations are shown in Figure 3 and Table 1, respectively. There are several notable changes relative to the Naruke and MD-ATS maps. Concise and anatomically distinct descriptions are now provided for all lymph node stations and especially for the upper and lower borders of lymph node stations 1 through 10 where it is critical to avoid overlap in definitions. As a result, the pleural reflection no longer serves as the border between nodal stations 4 and 10, which are now defined by anatomic landmarks that are more reliably identified on imaging studies and at endoscopy and surgery. The supraclavicular and sternal notch lymph nodes which were not previously identified as a lymph node station separate from the intrathoracic nodes are now clearly described as level 1. The discrepancies between levels 2 and 4 lymph nodes in the Naruke and MD-ATS lymph node maps (noted above) have been resolved by providing more precise definitions. The arbitrary division along the midline of the trachea created by the ATS has been eliminated. Recognizing that lymphatic drainage in the superior mediastinum predominantly occurs to the right paratracheal area and extends past the midline of the trachea, the boundary between the right- and left-sided levels 2 and 4 lymph nodes has been reset to the left lateral wall of the trachea (FIGURE 3, FIGURE 4). The arbitrary designation of level 3 lymph nodes as nodes overlying the midline of the trachea in the Naruke map has been eliminated because these nodes are not reliably distinguishable from levels 2 and 4 and are generally removed en-bloc with level 4 during a mediastinal component of systematic nodal dissection from the right. The designation of prevascular (anterior mediastinal) and retrotracheal nodes as 3a and 3p has been retained and clarified. The entire subcarinal group of lymph nodes, previously labeled as level 7 in the MD-ATS map but divided into levels 7 and 10 in the Naruke map is now defined as level 7, again with precise anatomic borders. Specific boundaries are also provided for the frequently problematic separation between levels 4 and 10 on the right, levels 5 and 10 on the left, and levels 10 and 11 bilaterally. Exploratory analyses of overall survival in relationship to various levels of lymph node involvement previously grouped together certain lymph node stations into “zones.”
The IASLC lung cancer staging project: proposals for the revision of the N descriptors in the forthcoming seventh edition of the TNM classification for lung cancer.
The zone concept is proposed for future survival analyses, not for current standard nomenclature. It is hoped that this concept will prove of value to oncologists and radiologists when dealing with large nodal masses that transgress individual nodal stations.
FIGURE 3The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) lymph node map, including the proposed grouping of lymph node stations into “zones” for the purposes of prognostic analyses.
FIGURE 4A–F: Illustrations of how the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) lymph node map can be applied to clinical staging by computed tomography scan in axial (A–C), coronal (D), and sagittal (E, F) views. The border between the right and left paratracheal region is shown in A and B. Ao, aorta; AV, azygos vein; Br, bronchus; IA, innominate artery; IV, innominate vein; LA, ligamentum arteriosum; LIV, left innominate vein; LSA, left subclavian artery; PA, pulmonary artery; PV, pulmonary vein; RIV, right innominate vein; SVC, superior vena cava.
Figures 4A–F illustrate how the anatomic definitions of the lymph node stations are applied to clinical staging on CT scans in the axial (Figures 4A–C), coronal (Figure 4D), and sagittal (Figures 4E, F) views. The division between right and left sided nodes at levels 2 and 4 is also shown (Figures 4A, B).
DISCUSSION
Scientific investigation into the patterns of lymphatic drainage of the lung dates back to the early 1900s. However, Rouvière
is generally credited with the first comprehensive study of the lymphatic drainage of the lung. In 1929, he described the lymph nodes draining each lobe of the lung as determined by selective injection of the lymphatics in 200 human specimens. In his report, he noted that it was possible to predict which lymph nodes would be involved based on the location of the primary tumor. The illustrations of lobar lymphatic drainage included in this seminal article have been corroborated by more recent studies and are still accurate today. During the 1950s and 1960s additional studies expanded our knowledge of the patterns of pulmonary and mediastinal lymphatic drainage especially in patients with lung cancer.
More recently, Riquet defined the lymphatic drainage of lung segments including direct drainage to mediastinal lymph nodes by injecting the subpleural lymphatics of 483 lung segments in 260 adult cadavers.
Overall, these various studies indicated that mediastinal lymph node metastases from right upper lobe tumors occur predominantly in the right paratracheal area, while those from left upper lobe tumors occur most frequently in the peri- and subaortic lymph nodes, and those from middle and lower lobe tumors occur in the subcarinal, then the right paratracheal nodes. Direct drainage to the mediastinal lymph nodes bypassing the hilar and interlobar nodes or so-called skip metastases, can be seen in up to 25% of lung segments injected experimentally.
Clinically, skip metastases have been reported in 7 to 26% of resected lung cancer specimens and are most frequent in upper lobe tumors and in adenocarcinomas.
Studies of the patterns of lymphatic drainage of the lung gradually led to an understanding of the importance of lymph node staging in the management of lung cancers. Cahan is credited with the first description of a systematic approach to hilar and mediastinal lymph node dissection, initially in 1951 in conjunction with pneumonectomy,
Shortly thereafter, Ishikawa introduced the dissection proposed by Cahan to Japan and based on the results of patients undergoing pulmonary resection with hilar and mediastinal lymph node dissection by Ishikawa and his team, Naruke created his lymph node map in 1967. The Japan Lung Cancer Society endorsed lymph node dissection and the Naruke map as standard procedure for lung cancer resection in 1980.
In North America during the 1960s, the group at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (of which Cahan was part) devised a lung cancer staging system and lymph node nomenclature similar to the Naruke system.
However, ultimately, MSKCC and other North American groups adopted the Naruke map which was then accepted in 1976 by the AJC (American Joint Committee for Cancer Staging and End Results Reporting) for standard use in the staging of lung cancers. The need to provide more precise anatomic definitions for intrathoracic lymph node stations in a way that would be useful for radiologists, pathologists, and all clinicians involved in the care of lung cancer patients led to the development of the ATS and MD-ATS maps. The presence of these two mapping systems was acknowledged starting in 1997 with the 4th edition of the UICC TNM Atlas
During this time, the Japan Lung Cancer Society refined the anatomic definitions of the lymph node stations in the Naruke map. Detailed descriptions as well as anatomic and CT illustrations provided in the Japan Lung Cancer Society monograph Classification of Lung Cancer established national standards of staging and pathologic classification for lung cancer with a degree of precision unparalleled elsewhere in the world. Unfortunately, an English edition of this monograph was not published until 2000.
Therefore, although clinicians, especially surgeons, were generally aware of discrepancies between the Japanese and MD-ATS map and knew that such differences could affect analyses of treatment outcomes because of their impact on staging, the extent of these discrepancies was not evident until recently. The difficulties in assessing the outcomes of treatment for patients staged accordingly to different lymph node maps are emphasized by the complexities and irreconcilable discrepancies encountered during analyses of the N descriptors in the IASLC database.
The IASLC lung cancer staging project: proposals for the revision of the N descriptors in the forthcoming seventh edition of the TNM classification for lung cancer.
However, discrepancies in the labeling of lymph node stations occur even among experienced Japanese and non-Japanese surgeons utilizing only the Naruke map. In one study, a Japanese surgeon and a European surgeon who were jointly present during pulmonary resections performed on 41 patients designated in a manner blinded to one another each lymph node station removed during a systematic lymph node dissection. The total concordance rate was only 68.5%. Of even greater concern was that in 34.1% of patients, lymph nodes designated as N1 by one surgeon were labeled as N2 by the other surgeon.
Clearly, a single internationally accepted lymph node map is needed for future studies of lung cancer treatment and revisions of the staging system. This is especially important during the coming decades as an increasing number of developing countries with large lung cancer patient populations that have not systematically used either one lymph node map or the other in the past begin to contribute their data to the prospective international IASLC database.
Analyses of outcome in relationship to the extent of lymph node involvement have been used to propose changes to the lung cancer staging system, to select patients for multimodality treatment and to stratify patients within clinical trials. The published surgical literature is replete with such analyses, which are too numerous to list in their entirety here.
Results of surgical intervention for p-stage IIIA (N2) non-small cell lung cancer: acceptable prognosis predicted by complete resection in patients with single N2 disease with primary tumor in the upper lobe.
The spread of metastatic lymph nodes to the mediastinum from left upper lobe cancer: results of superior mediastinal nodal dissection through a median sternotomy.
Areas of continuing controversy regarding the relationship between lymph nodes metastases and overall survival include: intranodal versus extranodal disease
Results of surgical intervention for p-stage IIIA (N2) non-small cell lung cancer: acceptable prognosis predicted by complete resection in patients with single N2 disease with primary tumor in the upper lobe.
Results of surgical intervention for p-stage IIIA (N2) non-small cell lung cancer: acceptable prognosis predicted by complete resection in patients with single N2 disease with primary tumor in the upper lobe.
Analyses of the IASLC database suggested that left upper lobe tumors with skip metastases in the AP zone (levels 5 and 6) were associated with a more favorable prognosis than other N2 subsets. In addition, analyses of the potential impact of the number of involved lymph node zones on survival found three groups to have significantly different survival rates: patients who had N1 single zone disease, those who had either multiple N1 or single N2 zone metastases, and those who had multiple N2 lymph node zones involved. However, a firm recommendation for changes in the N descriptors and stage groupings could not be made because larger numbers of patients with precise lymph node staging that can be analyzed across each T stage are required to yield statistically valid results. Grouping together patient groups according to lymph node “zones” was a mechanism used in the analysis of the retrospective IASLC database to reconcile the Naruke and the MD-ATS lymph node maps which seemed justified on the basis of exploratory analyses.
The IASLC lung cancer staging project: proposals for the revision of the N descriptors in the forthcoming seventh edition of the TNM classification for lung cancer.
Prospective analyses in larger number of uniformly staged patients are required to determine whether grouping lymph node stations together into “zones,” as proposed here, is truly appropriate for analyses of survival. The continuing controversies about the current N classifications and the challenges encountered by the IASLC staging committee in analyzing an international database attest to the need for an internationally accepted lymph node map that will support an uniform approach to lymph node staging.
The IASLC lung cancer staging project: validation of the proposals for revision of the T, N, and M descriptors and consequent stage groupings in the forthcoming (seventh) edition of the TNM classification of malignant tumours.
It is our hope that widespread implementation of the IASLC lymph node map will provide the basis for future analyses to resolve many of the controversies about N stage classification that currently affect patient care and clinical trials.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Eli Lilly and Company provided funding to support the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) Staging Committee's work to suggest revisions to the 6th edition of the TNM classification for Lung Cancer (staging) through a restricted grant. Lilly had no input into the Committee's suggestions for revisions to the staging system. The project was also supported by the AJCC grant “Improving AJCC/UICC TNM Cancer Staging.”
We are grateful for the patient assistance of editor Melody Owens. The authors thank Dr. Annie Frazier for her superb contribution to the creation of the figures for this manuscript.
APPENDIX
IASLC International Staging Committee
P. Goldstraw (Chairperson), Royal Brompton Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK; H. Asamura, National Cancer Centre Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; D. Ball, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia; V. Bolejack, Cancer Research and Biostatistics, Seattle, Washington, USA; E. Brambilla, Laboratoire de Pathologie Cellulaire, Grenoble Cedex, France; P.A. Bunn, University of Colorado Health Sciences, Denver, Colorado; D. Carney, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; K. Chansky, Cancer Research and Biostatistics, Seattle, Washington, USA; T. Le Chevalier (resigned), Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; J. Crowley, Cancer Research and Biostatistics, Seattle, Washington, USA; R. Ginsberg (deceased), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA; D. Giroux, Cancer Research And Biostatistics, Seattle, Washington, USA; P. Groome, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; H.H. Hansen (retired), National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; P. Van Houtte, Institute Jules Bordet, Bruxelles, Belgium; J.-G. Im, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; J.R. Jett, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; H. Kato, (retired), Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; C. Kennedy, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; M. Krasnik, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; J. van Meerbeeck, University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; T. Naruke (deceased), Saiseikai Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; E.F. Patz, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; P.E. Postmus, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; R. Rami-Porta, Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain; V. Rusch, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA; J.P. Sculier, Institute Jules Bordet, Bruxelles, Belgium; Z. Shaikh, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK; F.A. Shepherd, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Y. Shimosato (retired), National Cancer Centre, Tokyo, Japan; L. Sobin, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington DC; W. Travis, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA; M. Tsuboi, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; R. Tsuchiya, National Cancer Centre, Tokyo, Japan; E. Vallieres, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA; J. Vansteenkiste, Leuven Lung Cancer Group, Belgium; Yoh Watanabe (deceased), Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan; and H. Yokomise, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.
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The IASLC lung cancer staging project: proposals for the revision of the TNM stage groupings in the forthcoming (seventh) edition of the TNM classification of malignant tumours.
The IASLC lung cancer staging project: proposals for the revision of the N descriptors in the forthcoming seventh edition of the TNM classification for lung cancer.
Results of surgical intervention for p-stage IIIA (N2) non-small cell lung cancer: acceptable prognosis predicted by complete resection in patients with single N2 disease with primary tumor in the upper lobe.
The spread of metastatic lymph nodes to the mediastinum from left upper lobe cancer: results of superior mediastinal nodal dissection through a median sternotomy.
The IASLC lung cancer staging project: validation of the proposals for revision of the T, N, and M descriptors and consequent stage groupings in the forthcoming (seventh) edition of the TNM classification of malignant tumours.
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